Recent Advances in the Utilization of Magnetized Water in Concrete: A Comprehensive Methodological Review from ۲۰۱۰ to ۲۰۲۵

This comprehensive review systematically investigates the utilization of magnetized water in concrete production over the period from ۲۰۱۰ to ۲۰۲۵, with a particular focus on experimental methodologies, quantitative meta-analyses, and the resulting impacts on mechanical properties, durability, workability, and microstructural characteristics of concrete. Based on an in-depth meta-analysis of ۵۰ peer-reviewed studies published in reputable high-impact journals, it is consistently observed that the use of magnetized water can enhance compressive strength by ۱۵ to ۲۵ percent, increase split tensile strength by ۱۰ to ۲۰ percent, and reduce cement consumption by ۵ to ۱۰ percent without any loss in structural performance [۱–۵۰]. Furthermore, significant environmental benefits have been reported, including a reduction of approximately ۲۵ kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions per cubic meter of concrete, as well as notably lower chloride ion penetration, improved freeze-thaw resistance, and enhanced sulfate attack resistance [۲,۴,۵,۱۹,۲۱,۲۹,۴۲]. Microstructural analyses consistently reveal that magnetized water promotes the formation of a denser and more homogeneous cement paste, increases the quantity of calcium-silicate-hydrate gel, reduces the size of calcium hydroxide crystals, and decreases the number and width of microcracks and capillary pores [۸,۲۷,۳۳,۳۴,۳۹]. In terms of fresh concrete properties, magnetized water improves workability, increases slump values, and reduces the demand for both mixing water and chemical admixtures such as superplasticizers [۱۱,۱۲,۱۵,۳۰,۴۰]. Despite these highly promising results, the review critically addresses the major challenges that currently hinder the widespread adoption of this technology, including the complete lack of a unified international standard for water magnetization processes, high data scatter across different studies, insufficient long-term field investigations, and limited understanding of the exact physicochemical mechanisms at the molecular level [۲۳,۲۴,۴۷]. The article concludes with a set of practical and research-oriented recommendations for large-scale industrial applications, long-term performance testing, standardization efforts, and future research directions, thereby providing a clear roadmap for the successful integration of magnetized water technology into sustainable concrete construction practices.

کلیدواژه ها:

Magnetized water ، concrete ، cement hydration ، mechanical properties ، durability ، microstructure ، methodological review