A Critical Review of Microfungal Contamination in Cultivated Edible Mushrooms: Sources, Pathogenicity, and Integrated Management

This review offers a structured, thematic synthesis of the principal microfungal contaminants, their sources, infection mechanisms, and sustainable control interventions within cultivated edible mushroom systems, explicitly focusing on postharvest implications and integrated management. A methodological narrative literature review was performed using major scientific databases, applying a thematic analysis framework to critically evaluate and synthesize studies on fungal contaminants, contamination pathways, and management methods. Findings were thematically grouped into cultivation systems, pathogen diversity and mechanisms of pathogenicity, detection methodologies, and control strategies. The results define species of Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladobotryum as the most common and economically significant contaminants. Critical contamination points include spawning, casing, and post-harvest handling and storage, driven by poor hygiene, inadequate sterilization, and conducive environmental conditions. These fungi compete with mushroom mycelia through rapid growth, enzymatic degradation, and mycotoxin production, which poses a significant and under-explored risk to both food safety and human health. The review highlights a critical knowledge gap in the quantitative assessment of mycotoxin risks in contaminated mushrooms and the lack of standardized, real-time detection methods. We propose that an Integrated Disease Management (IDM) framework, combining preventive, physical, biological, and minimal chemical interventions, is essential for effective and sustainable control. Future research must prioritize the development of real-time molecular diagnostics, resilient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agents, and climate-smart environmental control systems to enhance the sustainability and safety of global mushroom production.

کلیدواژه ها:

Microfungal contamination ، Mushroom cultivation ، Integrated disease management ، Trichoderma species ، Fungal pathogens ، Biological control ، Crop yield loss