Comprehensive ۴E Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Multigeneration System Integrating ORC, PEM Electrolyzer, and RO Desalination

The global demand for clean energy, hydrogen, and freshwater is increasing due to climatic and water-stress pressures. This trend highlights the need for renewable-based multigeneration systems that can produce multiple useful products simultaneously while reducing emissions and resource depletion. Although this is necessary, most of the extant research focuses on partial configurations or measures a single metric; thus, it does not provide a comprehensive component-level model that combines thermodynamic performance with economic and environmental quantification for a fully integrated solar-wind system. We, in turn, suggest a fully integrated solar-wind multigeneration plant comprising solar thermal collectors, photovoltaic arrays, a wind turbine, an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer/fuel-cell subsystem, and a Reverse Osmosis (RO) unit. This design is developed to produce electricity, hydrogen, and freshwater simultaneously. A detailed thermodynamic model is developed and analyzed using a ۴E framework, that is, energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental, with subsystem validation, uncertainty analysis, and key operating parameter studies of the primary operating conditions, such as solar irradiance, wind speed, the inlet temperature of the ORC turbine, the RO pressure/recovery ratio, and the electrolyzer current density. The analysis indicates generally ۲۵.۴ and ۲۶.۸ % solar energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively; increasing the solar irradiance to ۱۰۰۰ W/m² increases the overall energy and exergy efficiencies by up to ۳۸% and ۳۵%, respectively, and increases freshwater and hydrogen yields to ۴۴.۹ kg/s and ۰.۰۱۱۵ kg/s, respectively. Under base-case operating conditions (۸۰۰۰ h/year), the estimated rates of production in freshwater and hydrogen would be about ۱.۲۷ ×۱۰۹ kg/yr and ۳.۱۷ ×۱۰۵ kg/yr, respectively, which shows the realistic potential of the system at utility-scale operations. The effect of wind speed on total power output is strong, and varies between ۱۲۰ and ۱۱۰۰ kW at a wind speed range of ۳-۱۰ m/s; an increased ORC turbine inlet temperature amplifies net power by about ۱۶ % and reduces ORC exergy destruction by about ۱۷ %. The solar collector, PV subsystem, thermal storage, and the PEM fuel cell are further scrutinized as some of the key sources of exergy destruction. The study-based parametric trends give design-based advice on managing the balance between water and hydrogen production and particular energy use and expenditure, which will promote general sustainability.

کلیدواژه ها:

Solar-Wind hybrid system ، Multigeneration ، ۴E analysis ، Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) ، PEM Electrolyzer ، Reverse Osmosis (RO).