Green Ammonia: A Zero-Carbon and Sustainable Pathway Regarding Fuel and Energy Storage Beyond Fossil Dependence

Ammonia has recently attracted growing attention as a promising energy carrier, despite its long history of exploration for transportation, power generation, and heating. Historically, ammonia's intrinsic properties limited its competitiveness compared with traditional fossil fuels. However, the accelerating global need for deep decarbonization has renewed interest in energy vectors that can be produced and used without releasing carbon-based emissions. Consequently, scientific, industrial, and governmental initiatives are increasingly focused on developing integrated and practical solutions that could position ammonia as a viable component of future low-carbon energy systems. This review offers a comprehensive perspective by compiling insights from researchers across the field. It begins by outlining the strategic importance of ammonia as an energy vector and then examines key stages of its value chain, including production pathways, distribution logistics, end-use technologies, safety aspects, regulatory considerations, and economic implications. The fundamentals of ammonia combustion and representative examples of its energy recovery mechanisms are also addressed to provide a complete understanding of its potential role in the evolving energy landscape. Unlike previous reviews, this work adopts a holistic perspective, highlighting both the opportunities and the limitations associated with using ammonia to store and deliver renewable energy. Drawing on state-of-the-art knowledge, it summarizes ongoing advancements, identifies technical challenges across ammonia-related technologies, and emphasizes critical safety and environmental considerations necessary for public acceptance. Ultimately, this review presents foundational principles, current developments, and forward-looking insights essential for assessing ammonia's capability to become a significant contributor to future clean and sustainable energy systems.

کلیدواژه ها:

Green Ammonia ، Zero-carbon ، Sustainable development ، Fossil Fuels ، Combustion