Nano-Gold-Based Approaches in Asthma Therapy: A Focused Review on the Latest Experimental and Preclinical Insights

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that continues to pose a global health challenge due to persistent symptoms, exacerbations, and limited efficacy or side effects of conventional therapies. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have recently garnered attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, offering potential novel approaches for asthma management. Objectives: The aim of this review is to systematically evaluate recent preclinical studies investigating the therapeutic effects, mechanisms of action, delivery routes, and safety of AuNPs in asthma models. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify English-language articles published between ۲۰۲۰ and ۲۰۲۵ regarding the use of AuNPs in asthma. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were comprehensively analyzed to address the objectives of this review. Data on particle synthesis, characteristics, type of administration, therapeutic effects, mechanisms involved, and safety profile were extracted and summarized. Results: In the analyzed studies, AuNPs consistently demonstrated favorable anti-inflammatory actions, including reduction of interleukin-۴ and airway eosinophilia, improvement in lung tissue pathology, and enhancement of interferon-gamma levels, indicating a shift towards a T helper ۱-type immune response. Some articles reported efficient drug delivery to inflamed lung tissues. No significant adverse effects or toxicity were observed at therapeutic doses in any of the studies reviewed. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that AuNPs hold significant promise as a safe and effective approach for asthma therapy, mainly through modulation of immune responses and inflammation. AuNPs, especially those synthesized via green and plant-mediated methods and tailored for targeted delivery, effectively reduce airway inflammation, rebalance Th۲/Th۱ cytokines, and enhance anti-asthmatic drug efficacy in preclinical models, with no notable toxicity. Further optimization of particle properties and delivery strategies is essential for clinical translation.

کلیدواژه ها:

gold nanoparticles ، asthma ، nanomedicine ، anti-inflammatory ، immunomodulation ، drug delivery ، airway inflammation ، safety ، preclinical studies ، therapeutic mechanisms ، AuNPs