The Digital World on Four Wheels; The Journey of Electrical, Electronic, and Intelligent Abstract Systems in Modern Vehicles

The automotive industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation driven by rapid advances in electrical, electronic, and software technologies. Modern vehicles are increasingly evolving into complex cyber-physical systems in which electrical and electronic (E/E) architectures form the functional backbone of intelligence, connectivity, and automation. This paper reviews the evolution of automotive E/E architectures, highlighting the transition from distributed hardware-centric designs toward centralized and software-defined vehicle (SDV) paradigms. Key developments in in-vehicle networks, high-performance computing, and domain- and zone-oriented architectures are discussed. The paper further examines how connected and autonomous vehicle technologies exploit these architectures to satisfy growing computational and communication requirements. The expanding role of data-driven approaches, artificial intelligence, and service-oriented business models in reshaping automotive value creation is also addressed. Finally, critical challenges related to functional safety and cybersecurity are analyzed with reference to international standards, including ISO۲۶۲۶۲ and ISO/SAE ۲۱۴۳۴, and future directions for secure vehicles are outlined.

کلیدواژه ها:

Automotive E/E Architecture ، Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) ، Connected and Autonomous Vehicles ، In-Vehicle Networks ، Functional Safety and Cybersecurity