Progress and Future Directions

Molecular and nano-scale communication networks (MCNs) introduce a new paradigm for data transmission at microscopic biological environments by using chemical signaling instead of electromagnetic waves, addressing the fundamental challenge of enabling reliable communication where traditional wireless methods fail. This review investigates the scientific progress achieved between ۱ and Y. TY through a systematic evaluation of twenty-five IEEE-indexed studies, analyzing developments in diffusion-based channel modeling, nanoscale transceiver architectures, modulation techniques, and network protocols. The results demonstrate significant advancements in noise-resilient channel models, hybrid molecular-electromagnetic communication systems, and practical biomedical implementations such as targeted drug delivery and in-body nanosensing. However, challenges such as molecular noise, synchronization, distance limitations, and scalability remain unresolved. Future improvements are expected through integrating artificial intelligence and synthetic biology to realize adaptive and intelligent nanoscale communication systems.

کلیدواژه ها:

Molecular communication ، Nano-scale networks ، Diffusion-based communication ، Transceiver design