Electrochemical Biosensors and Nanoscale Platforms: A Novel Approach to Monitoring and Targeted Therapy of Human Microbiome-Related Diseases

The human microbiome is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and autoimmune disorders. This review delineates the convergent roles of two advanced technological paradigms, electrochemical biosensors and nanoscale therapeutic platforms, in revolutionizing the diagnosis and management of microbiome-associated pathologies. Electrochemical biosensors, engineered with biological recognition elements (e.g., antibodies, aptamers) and augmented by nanomaterials (e.g., AuNPs, graphene), enable rapid, sensitive, and multiplexed detection of key microbial metabolites and inflammatory biomarkers in non-invasive samples such as saliva and stool. Concurrently, nanoscale platforms offer sophisticated solutions for targeted intervention. These include stimulus responsive drug delivery systems (e.g., ATP-sensitive DNA hydrogels for IBD), pathogen specific Nano therapeutics (e.g., Gal/GalNAc functionalized nanoparticles against Fusobacterium nucleatum), and advanced encapsulation strategies for probiotics and phytochemicals to enhance their stability and bioavailability. Despite their transformative potential, significant challenges persist, including biosensor validation in complex matrices, nanomaterial biocompatibility and long term toxicity, and scalability for clinical translation. This review concludes by advocating for integrated theranostic systems and personalized approaches, underpinned by continued innovation in material science and microfluidic device integration, to usher in a new era of precision medicine for microbiome related diseases.

کلیدواژه ها:

Electrochemical Biosensor ، Nanomedicine ، Microbiome ، Targeted Drug Delivery ، Theranostics ، Inflammatory Bowel Disease