A Comprehensive Review of Temporary Protective Grounding and Equipotential Zone Practices (۲۰۱۳-۲۰۲۵)

This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of Temporary Protective Grounding (TPG) and Equipotential Zone (EPZ) practices used to establish Electrically Safe Work Conditions (ESWC) during de-energized maintenance. The study examines the evolution of grounding requirements from ۲۰۱۳ to ۲۰۲۵ across IEEE Std ۱۰۴۸-۲۰۱۶, IEEE ۱۰۴۸a-۲۰۲۱, IEEE ۱۰۴۸b-۲۰۲۴, OSHA ۱۹۱۰.۲۶۹, NFPA ۷۰E, and USBR FIST ۵-۱. Key engineering aspects including ground-set thermal withstand capability, bonding geometry, EPZ formation, induced-voltage control, and optimal placement of temporary grounds are synthesized through peer-reviewed literature and field-validated standards. The review identifies that hazardous touch and step voltages, high induced potentials from parallel lines, and human-factor deviations remain leading contributors to shock incidents despite nominal de-energization. Recent research (۲۰۱۸-۲۰۲۵) highlights significant safety improvements through dual-side grounding, cluster-bar EPZ bonding, adaptive grounding systems, and real-time voltage monitoring. Overall, the findings show that aligning field practice with updated IEEE grounding criteria and EPZ-centered work-methods substantially enhances worker protection. Future challenges include managing distributed-generation backfeed, complex system topologies, and implementing sensor-based verification and probabilistic risk-assessment models to further improve TPG reliability.

کلیدواژه ها:

Temporary Protective Grounding ، Equipotential Zone ، De-energized Safety ، Touch Voltage ، Step Voltage ، IEEE ۱۰۴۸