Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases in Wild Mammals: Integrating One Health Perspectives for Surveillance and Control

Background: Wild mammals quietly host viruses that span species boundaries and link humans, livestock, and ecosystems in surprising ways (۲,۳۲). Deforestation, urban expansion, wildlife trading, and ecological modification have increased these connections, making outbreaks more frequent and unpredictable. Coronaviruses, lyssaviruses, and filoviruses like Ebola and Marburg are now frequent concerns (۸,۱۰,۱۶,۲۱,۳۹). A surveillance method that integrates ecological concepts, host pathogen interactions, and a One Health viewpoint is needed to address future spillovers. Interventions may miss tiny signals that allow infections to transcend species borders without addressing the ecological context. Methods: A narrative literature review of ۲۰۱۵–۲۰۲۵ Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus papers mapped knowledge and identified gaps. The phrases “wild mammals,” “zoonotic disease,” “emerging infection,” “spillover,” and “reservoir hosts” targeted bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonoses. We only included empirical study field sampling, pathogen identification, epidemiological analysis. Omitted were primary-evidence-free, non-English, and domestic-animal-only evaluations. We classified ۵۴ studies by epidemic variables, host species, geographic distribution, and surveillance/control (۱۲,۱۸,۱۹). Results: Patterns became apparent. Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, SARS, and MERS-associated coronaviruses recurred due to viral zoonoses in bats, primates, and small carnivores. Rabies persists. Bartonella, Leptospira, Brucella, and Mycobacterium bovis continue to blur wildlife livestock boundaries. In intact predator-prey networks and contaminated environments, Toxoplasma gondii, Echinococcus, Trichinella, and Trypanosoma survive (۵,۲۶,۲۸). Deforestation, urbanization, animal trade, climatic change, host density, and biodiversity loss caused spillover (۱۷,۳۳,۳۴). Integrated genetic surveillance, sharing datasets, and ecology, veterinary science, and public health collaboration enhance early detection (۱۳,۲۰,۲۳,۳۰,۳۸). Conclusion: Wild mammalian zoonoses are changing public health and environmental balance and coexistence. Every spillover shows how fragile these networks are. The One Health paradigm becomes a practical strategy: conserving animals, livestock, and their ecological systems protects human health. Interventions must cross disciplines to foresee dangers rather than respond to crises.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wild mammals ، Emerging diseases ، Zoonoses ، One Health ، Surveillance