Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds as a Sustainable Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal from Greywater in Residential Buildings: A Feasibility Study for a ۱۰-Unit Apartment Complex

This study evaluates the feasibility of utilizing spent coffee grounds (SCGs) generated in a ۱۰-unit residential building as a low-cost and sustainable adsorbent for heavy metal removal from greywater. Both raw and pyrolyzed SCGs (biochar) were tested for their adsorption capacity. The results indicate that raw SCGs can effectively adsorb copper and zinc at low concentrations, while biochar derived from SCGs achieved up to ۹۸% lead removal, with an adsorption capacity of ۴.۹ mg/g. The integration of SCGs with rice husks further improved removal efficiency to over ۹۶% for mixed metal solutions. The proposed method reduces energy consumption and processing costs compared to conventional treatments. This research demonstrates that SCGs can be transformed from daily waste into a valuable, eco-friendly material for decentralized greywater treatment in small-scale residential settings, provided proper collection, processing, and disposal protocols are followed.

کلیدواژه ها:

Spent coffee grounds ، Biochar ، Heavy metal removal ، Greywater treatment ، Sustainable adsorbent ، Residential buildings ، Lead adsorption ، Low-cost treatment ، Waste valorization ، Decentralized systems