Effects of Chromium Picolinate and Aerobic Training on Diabetes Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review

Background: Type ۲ diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. Its underlying inflammatory and vascular complications are drivers for the condition with TNF-α, MCT۱, CD۱۴۷, VEGF, and VEGFA marking important milestones in the disease progression and treatment response as valuable biomarkers of the disease.  This review aimed to investigate the effects of chromium picolinate and aerobic exercise on key inflammatory and angiogenic biomarkers in type ۲ diabetes. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted, analyzing studies from databases like PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science. Keywords used for the database search included “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Insulin Resistance”, “Exercise, Chromium”, “Biomarkers”, “Inflammation”, and “Angiogenesis”. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining chromium picolinate and aerobic exercise’s impact on type ۲ diabetes mellitus biomarkers (TNF-α, MCT۱, CD۱۴۷, VEGF/VEGFA). Most studies included in this review were conducted in animal models of diabetes. Data were synthesized to compare mechanistic pathways and therapeutic outcomes. Results: Chromium picolinate significantly reduced TNF-α levels and oxidative stress while enhancing insulin sensitivity via PI۳K/Akt (Phosphoinositide ۳-Kinase/Protein Kinase B) signaling. Aerobic training upregulated MCT۱ expression, improved mitochondrial function, and increased VEGF/VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis. Combined interventions showed synergistic effects at the mechanistic level, particularly in reducing inflammation and enhancing metabolic function. However, variability in study designs (e.g., dosage, duration) highlighted the need for standardized protocols. Conclusion: The integration of chromium picolinate and aerobic exercise offers a promising dual approach to modulate type ۲ diabetes mellitus biomarkers, addressing both metabolic and vascular dysregulation.

کلیدواژه ها:

Diabetes Mellitus ، Insulin Resistance ، Exercise ، Chromium ، Biomarkers ، Inflammation ، Angiogenesis