Background: Among the various complications that a woman could face during her pregnancy, the one which is most, unfortunately, common is a spontaneous abortion. This is a very sensitive topic that is affected by many components, for instance, the environment, which includes heavy metals, endocrine disrupting chemicals and even particulate matter. These biosolids that endanger the fetus's health are frequently found in areas that have industrial and urban pollution. These pollutants are known to cause oxidative and even hormonal stress, which in return, harshly endangers the health of the fetus. Given the lack of study on the subject, it is vital to learn more and devise specific approaches on resolving the problem. This review seeks to evaluate the consequences and specific spontaneous abortion blanks and fills caused by various environmental pollutants and the effective measures taken. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out by searching trusted databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Environmental Research, and Google Scholar. We reviewed documents from ۲۰۱۲ to ۲۰۲۵ discussing the link between environmental contaminants (particulate matter, heavy metals, phthalates, and bisphenols) and spontaneous abortion. The inclusion criteria consisted of all pertinent research articles, including cohort studies that focused on biological mechanisms, consequences, and preventive strategies. Review articles and other irrelevant studies were excluded. From the ۱۴۹ studies identified, ۲۹ were chosen after rigorous title, abstract, and full text screening to focus on pollutant exposure, biological mechanisms, and preventive strategies. We extracted and qualitatively analyzed data, sorting them by type of pollutant, biological mechanisms, and interventions. Results: The research shows that pollutants PM۲.۵, lead, cadmium, and bisphenol A heighten the risk of miscarriage by triggering oxidative stress, inflammation, and placental malfunction. These pollutants may negatively alter the expression of critical genes essential for fetal development. The outcomes of miscarriage include its psychological effects, anxiety, and depression, alongside increased complications in future pregnancies. Implemented strategies such as improving air quality, using household filters, and biomarker screening for pregnant women have shown significant effectiveness. However, the limited public understanding, varying levels of exposure, and expensive monitoring technologies pose challenges to universal adoption. Educating pregnant women, alongside policy changes, could address these issues. Conclusion: Complex biological mechanisms explain how pollutants in the environment can significantly raise the chances of a woman having a spontaneous abortion, revealing the need for a change in public health policy. Increased education and outreach for at-risk women, as well as enhanced pollutant monitoring programs, are advised. Longitudinal studies investigating the long- term effects of pollutants as well as the development of cost-effective technologies aimed at lowering exposure should be prioritized. This study highlights the need for a coordinated approach combining environmental and public health policies to protect women's reproductive health.
