Symbiont-Mediated Detoxification and Novel Acaricide Resistance Mechanisms in Rhizoglyphus robini

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, a destructive pest of bulbous crops such as onion, garlic, and ornamental plants, has developed notable resistance to multiple acaricides due to intensive chemical use. While classical mechanisms such as target-site insensitivity and enhanced metabolic detoxification via cytochrome P۴۵۰s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and carboxyl/cholinesterases have been well documented, recent studies have revealed several novel and underexplored mechanisms contributing to resistance in this species. This mini-review synthesizes emerging evidence on a range of innovative resistance pathways. One such mechanism involves microbial symbionts, which play a critical role in detoxification. A recent case study demonstrated that antibiotic disruption of the microbial community in R. robini significantly increased the toxicity of abamectin and propargite by ۰.۷-fold and -fold, respectively, while reducing detoxification enzyme activity. This highlights a functional and potentially targetable interaction between host mites and their bacterial symbionts. Another novel area is hormesis, where sublethal doses of acaricides stimulate mite activity or reproduction, complicating control efforts and accelerating resistance evolution. In addition, epigenetic regulation, involving environmentally induced changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, is increasingly suggested as a reversible and heritable factor in acaricide tolerance. Research into plant-derived acaricides, particularly essential oils such as Foeniculum vulgare, reveals strong fumigant toxicity and enzyme-inhibitory effects, offering promising potential for resistance mitigation. These natural compounds may also interact synergistically or antagonistically with synthetic chemicals, influencing overall efficacy. Lastly, behavioral resistance, reported in various mite species, includes avoidance of treated surfaces and altered oviposition or movement patterns. These non-physiological strategies may significantly influence field-level treatment outcomes. Collectively, these findings reflect a complex resistance landscape in R. robini. Recognizing and integrating such mechanisms into resistance monitoring and integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks is essential for sustainable control.

کلیدواژه ها:

Rhizoglyphus robini ، acaricide resistance ، hormesis ، epigenetics ، symbionts ، essential oils