Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises: An HBR Perspective and a Human – Machine Collaboration Framework

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing modern industries by enabling intelligent automation, data-driven decision-making, and process optimization. However, the adoption of AI in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) remains limited due to barriers such as technical complexity, lack of skilled workforce, and uncertainty about return on investment. Inspired by the recent insights from the Harvard Business Review (HBR) on AI strategy, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to facilitate AI adoption in manufacturing SMEs through a human–machine collaboration approach. This research employs a qualitative method based on literature synthesis and expert-driven modeling. The framework integrates organizational readiness, human-AI task alignment, and phased implementation strategies, aiming to bridge the gap between technology potential and real-world constraints. Unlike large-scale enterprises that benefit from extensive digital infrastructures, SMEs require adaptable, low-cost solutions with a clear emphasis on workforce augmentation rather than replacement. By positioning human-AI collaboration at the core, the proposed model encourages inclusive digital transformation, enabling SMEs to adopt AI responsibly and effectively. The framework also addresses ethical, technical, and operational challenges, offering a roadmap for practical implementation. This paper contributes to both academic discourse and industrial practice by translating strategic AI visions—such as those highlighted in HBR—into actionable guidelines tailored for resource-constrained manufacturing environments. The proposed framework can serve as a foundation for future empirical research, policy recommendations, and SME-centered innovation initiatives in the age of intelligent industry.

کلیدواژه ها:

Artificial Intelligence ، Human–Machine Collaboration ، Manufacturing SMEs ، Digital Transformation ، HBR ، AI Adoption Framework