Investigating the Role of Language Learning Anxiety in Learners’ Academic Performance: Influential Factors and Strategies for Reducing Anxiety in the Second Language Classroom

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) is a well-researched psychological obstacle that has a substantial impact on language acquisition, undermining learners' cognitive, emotional, and social involvement in the classroom. This paper synthesizes existing research on FLA, discussing its conceptual foundations, contributing factors, and negative effects on language learning. FLA arises from a complex interaction among psychological, linguistic, and situational factors, such as communication apprehension, fear of negative judgment, and test anxiety. Studies indicate that learners experiencing high levels of FLA tend to exhibit lower academic performance, hindered cognitive processing, and avoidance behaviours, all of which ultimately impede their language proficiency. Furthermore, cultural, socio-economic, and educational contexts can influence anxiety levels, with variations based on gender, educational attainment, and the complexity of the language being learned. Theoretical models, such as Tobias' (۱۹۸۶) anxiety model and Horwitz et al.'s (۱۹۸۶) FLA theory, explain how anxiety interferes with learning processes—specifically the stages of input, processing, and output. Empirical research addresses how teaching methods, classroom environments, and student beliefs can either reduce or exacerbate FLA. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) remains an essential instrument for measuring FLA, demonstrating a consistent correlation between anxiety and diminished language performance. To reduce FLA, instructional methods like fostering positive learning environments, employing student-centered teaching, and implementing mindfulness strategies are suggested. Future research should explore cultural variations in FLA and develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing anxiety in order to create more inclusive and effective language teaching practices.

کلیدواژه ها:

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) ، Language learning anxiety ، Anxiety in language classrooms