Individual and Environmental Determinants of Leptospirosis in Bantul, Indonesia

Aims: Leptospirosis constitutes a significant zoonotic disease with substantial global distribution, particularly affecting tropical and subtropical regions. Despite extensive documentation of its burden, significant knowledge deficits persist regarding localized transmission determinants, particularly concerning the relative contributions of individual versus environmental risk factors. This study aimed to examine the relationship between individual factors (gender, occupation, education) and biotic environmental parameters (flood history, drainage conditions, waste disposal conditions) with leptospirosis incidence in the working area of Kasihan II Bantul Public Health Center during ۲۰۲۲-۲۰۲۳. Instrument & Methods: This observational analytical study with a retrospective case-control design was implemented on ۳۴ participants, comprising ۱۷ laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis cases and ۱۷ community-matched controls from the same catchment area. Data collection employed structured questionnaires assessing sociodemographic parameters, occupational exposures, and environmental conditions. The analysis utilized chi-square tests to evaluate associations between independent parameters and leptospirosis status, with odds ratios and corresponding ۹۵% confidence intervals calculated to quantify the magnitude of risk. Findings: Significant associations were identified between leptospirosis and male gender (OR=۵.۷۶۰, ۹۵% CI: ۱.۳۱۷-۲۵.۱۸۷) and high-risk occupations (OR=۶.۶۶۷, ۹۵% CI: ۱.۳۷۷-۳۲.۲۷۸). Educational attainment and environmental parameters, including flood history, drainage conditions, and waste disposal infrastructure, demonstrated non-significant associations despite elevated risk estimates. Demographic analysis revealed a predominance of middle-aged and older adults (۶۴.۸% aged ۴۶-۶۵ years), with a balanced gender distribution and a high prevalence of lower educational attainment (۹۱.۲%). Conclusion: In the Kasihan II Bantul catchment area, the significant determinants of leptospirosis transmission are male gender and high-risk occupational exposure, while educational status and environmental factors are non-significant determinants.

کلیدواژه ها:

Leptospirosis ، Indonesia ، Zoonotic Disease ، Risk Factors ، Public Health