Medicinal Plants and Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and invasion of abnormal cells throughout the body. Multiple biochemical pathways and signaling molecules regulate cancer development. Phytochemicals significantly influence key cellular processes governing cell survival and proliferation. Their anticancer effects are mediated through various mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, kinase inhibition, and the prevention of carcinogenesis. This review analyzes seven major plant-derived compounds—alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins—focusing on their roles in the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, TNF death receptors, and p۵۳. The review details the structural characteristics and potential anticancer mechanisms of a wide range of phytochemicals, highlighting the significance of plant-derived bioactive compounds in cancer prevention through diverse molecular pathways. Recent advances in plant science have identified cancer-preventive agents from both terrestrial and marine sources. These phytochemicals regulate complex molecular processes, including immune responses, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, cancer cell elimination, and antioxidant activity. Technological advancements have driven innovative approaches to combat various cancers. Current research emphasizes the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant metabolites, offering cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and energy efficiency. Metal nanoparticles show significant potential for cancer prevention via mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species production, enzyme activity modulation, DNA fragmentation, disruption of signaling pathways, cell membrane impairment, and interference with mitochondrial function. These actions can lead to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Therefore, the combined use of plant compounds and metal nanoparticles presents a promising new strategy.

کلیدواژه ها:

cancer ، molecular pathway ، medicinal plants ، phytochemicals ، green Synthesis ، nanoparticles ، Plant Compounds