Investigating nanotechnology opportunities in identifying and treating bacterial infections and investigating possible side effects on beneficial bacteria

The high spread of antibiotic resistance has been alarming in recent years and poses a serious global threat to public health as it leads to the deaths of millions of people worldwide. The increase in resistance genes and shared resistance between different types of bacteria has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This problem is exacerbated when microorganisms form biofilms that can increase bacterial resistance by up to ۱۰۰۰-fold and increase the emergence of infections with drug-resistant microorganisms. The lack of new and potent antimicrobial compounds is associated with the increase in multidrug resistance. This has prompted international efforts to develop new and improved antimicrobial agents as well as innovative and efficient techniques for antibiotic administration and targeting. In recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionized the treatment and prevention of biofilm formation and infection by drug-resistant microorganisms. The development of nanomaterial-based therapies, which can overcome the current pathways associated with acquired drug resistance, is a promising strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections. Furthermore, the distinct size and physical properties of nanoparticles enable them to target biofilms and treat resistant pathogens. This review highlights the current advances in nanotechnology to combat drug-resistant microorganisms and biofilm infection. Furthermore, it provides insights into the development and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms infection, and the development of nanoparticles and their mechanisms of antibacterial activity. Furthermore, this review considers the differences between free antibiotics and nanoantibiotics and the synergistic effect of nanoantibiotics to combat planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and biofilms. Finally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of nanotechnology applications against bacterial infection and future perspectives.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanoparticles ، Pathogens ، Bacteria ، Microbiome