Management of waste in veterinary Veterinary clinic

Medical and veterinary waste management is a complex and demanding challenge that humanity isfacing as the global population continues to grow and the demand for medical services increases.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), medical waste is defined as "waste that isgenerated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals." Improperhandling and disposal of medical waste poses a high risk of infection or injury to healthcare personnel,as well as a lesser risk to the general public through the spread of micro-organisms from healthcarefacilities into the environment. This has led to an increase in research on the environmental pollutioncaused by waste production (Sharma & Gupta, ۲۰۱۷). Proper management of waste disposal is crucialfor the health of humans and animals, as well as for environmental protection. Hospital and infectiouswastes are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants. According to the World HealthOrganization (WHO), hospital waste is produced during diagnostic, therapeutic, medical, veterinaryand biological activities (Moreira & Günther, ۲۰۱۳). A significant portion of the waste produced in theprocess of providing health services to hospitals, clinics, medical and veterinary laboratories ishazardous and infectious (Pooyanmehr et al., ۲۰۱۹). Veterinary waste is an important component ofinfectious waste and contains hazardous and pathogenic agents, but the management of veterinary andmedical waste is challenging due to lack of awareness, training, and adequate funding for properimplementation. The types of waste are very important because they directly contribute to variousrisks to public health and the environment (Abdullah, Ghadis, & Rabi, ۲۰۰۸). Just like hazardousmedical waste, determining the nature and methods of disposal of veterinary waste is essential becauseit poses a serious threat to human health and the environment (Uysal & Tinmaz, ۲۰۰۴). Coad, ۱۹۹۲;Lee, Ellenbecker, & Moure-Eraso, ۲۰۰۴ Management of hazardous and infectious waste in public andprivate veterinary service facilities