Salivary Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): A Review Article

  • سال انتشار: 1403
  • محل انتشار: دومین کنگره بین المللی کنسرژنومیکس
  • کد COI اختصاصی: ICGCS02_064
  • زبان مقاله: انگلیسی
  • تعداد مشاهده: 86
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نویسندگان

Roya Rahebi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

چکیده

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common form of oral cancer, accounting for about ۹۰% of cases. Despite its high mortality rate, early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve survival rates. Unfortunately, it is generally diagnosed at advanced clinical stages due to its asymptomatic nature and lack of specific signs during its early development. Novel diagnostic techniques, such as liquid biopsy and saliva analysis, offer promising avenues for early diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC. These methods are non-invasive, cost-effective, and can be performed by individuals with limited training. Moreover, saliva is a complex fluid containing potential cancer biomarkers, including cytokines. These immune proteins play crucial roles in regulating tumor microenvironment and may exhibit both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects. Therefore, this review study aimed to investigate the status of pro-inflammatory cytokines in OSCC patients compared to the control group, and also evaluated the validity of these diagnostic tests. Methods: A search was conducted for documents published between ۲۰۱۹ and Aug ۲۰۲۴ in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, using the keywords 'Oral squamous cell carcinoma', 'Salivary biomarkers', and 'Cytokines'. Results: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-۱ (IL-۱), IL-۶, IL-۸, interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are implicated in enhancing tumor growth, promoting cell proliferation, and creating an immune microenvironment that undermines anti-tumor immunity. The secretion of TNF-α by OSCC cells establishes a positive feedback loop between OSCC and TNF-α secreting neutrophils. As a result, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines may serve as indicators of malignancy. A comparison of salivary samples from OSCC patients with those of a control group revealed significant differences in certain cytokines: IL-۶ (p < ۰.۰۰۱), IL-۸ (p < ۰.۰۵), TNF-α (p < ۰.۰۰۱), and HCC-۱ (p < ۰.۰۱). In contrast, IL-۱α, IP-۱۰, and MCP-۱ did not show significant differences (ns). Additionally, these results were obtained considering tissue biopsy as the gold standard: TNF-α (sensitivity: ۷۹%, specificity: ۹۲%), IL-۶ (sensitivity: ۷۵%, specificity: ۸۶%), IL-۸ (sensitivity: ۸۰%, specificity: ۸۰%), IL-۱β (sensitivity: ۶۶%, specificity: ۷۵%). Conclusion: Many of the available studies did not account for confounding factors such as age, infections, or smoking, which could affect the accuracy of cytokine measurements. Nevertheless, among the investigated cytokines, TNF-α, IL-۶, and IL-۸ were present at higher concentrations in the saliva of OSCC patients than in healthy controls. However, more specific and detailed studies are necessary to improve the reliability of these biomarkers. Combining various salivary biomarkers, especially cytokines and miRNAs, could enable the development of accessible rapid tests for the early diagnosis of oral cancer.

کلیدواژه ها

Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Molecular diagnosis, Non-invasive methods, Salivary biomarkers, Cytokines

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