Response of Poaceous Weeds in Wheat to Post-Emergence Herbicides

Poaceous weeds are prolific and competitive in winter crops, but they are more insidious in wheat due to their similar morphology and growing requirements. Herbicides are effective and efficient tools of weed management, however, they are vulnerable to resistance, and herbicides with different modes of action might check the dominance of a particular weed flora. The current study was undertaken to see the response of three poaceous weeds viz., Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Lolium temulentum, to herbicides Isoproturon, Topik (Clodinafop-p) and Puma Super (Fenoxaprop-p). Completely randomized design with two factor treatments (weeds, herbicides) and eight replications was employed. Data were recorded on chlorotic and necrotic effects of herbicides on weeds, and percent mortality at the time interval of ۱۴, ۲۱ and ۲۸ days after the application of herbicides. Dry biomass weight of weeds was recorded at ۳۰ days after the treatments. Results indicated that all the parameters were affected significantly over the period of time. Maximum counts of chlorotic (۲.۱۶) and necrotic (۲.۹۷) weeds were observed at the ۲۱st day of treatment. The highest mortality (۳۱.۱ %) was recorded at ۲۱st day after the application of herbicides. Phalaris minor was the most resistant weed to herbicides showing the lowest mortality (only ۱۷.۷ %) compared to other two weeds. Maximum dry weight of weeds was recorded in control while a minimum of ۰.۴۵۶ g dry weight was observed where Topik (Clodinafop-p) was applied. For the effective control of P. minor, A. fatua and L. temulentum weeds in wheat crop, Topik (۱۵ WP) @ ۰.۳۷ kg a.i. ha-۱ was proved to be the most suitable herbicide applied at ۳-۴ foliar stage.   REFERENCES  Angiras, N. N., Sharma, V. and Sherma, V. (۱۹۹۶) Influence of row orientation, row spacing and weed control methods & physiological performance of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian J. Agri. l Sci. ۴۱, ۴۱- ۴۷. Balyan, R. S., Malik, R. K., Dhankar, R. S. and Singh, S. M. (۱۹۹۴) Effect of time and method of isoproturon application on weeds in wheat. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res. ۲۴, ۱۵۸- ۱۶۲. Chancellor, R. J. (۱۹۷۹) The long-term effects of herbicides on weed populations. Annals of Applied Biol. ۹۱, ۱۴۱– ۱۴۴. Chhokar, R. S., Chauhan, D. S., Sharma, R. K., Singh, R. K. and Singh, R. P. (۲۰۰۲) Major Weeds of Wheat and Their Management. Research Bulletin No. ۱۳, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, India.۱۶ pp. Chhokar, R. S., Sharma, R. K., Chauhan, D. S. and Mongia, A. D. (۲۰۰۶) Evaluation of herbicides against Phalaris minor in wheat in north-western Indian plains. Weed Res. ۴۶, ۴۰– ۴۹. Dhawan, R. S. (۱۹۹۵) Effect of isoproturon on Hill activity and membrane permeability in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum), small canary grass (Phalaris minor) and wild oat (Avena Iudoviciana). Indian J. Agri. Sci. ۶۵, ۸۹۴-۸ ۹۵. Ghafoor, A., Shad, R. A. and Sher, M. A. (۱۹۸۷) Ten most important weeds in Pakistan. Prog. Farming ۷, ۱۷- ۲۰. Hassan, G. and Marwat, K. B. (۲۰۰۱) Integrated Weed Management in Agricultural Crops. National Workshop on Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture. Sept. ۲۴-۲۶, ۲۰۰۱, NIAB, Faisalabd, Pakistan. Jones, R. and Medd, R. (۱۹۹۷) Economic analysis of integrated management of wild oats involving fallow, herbicide and crop rotational options. Aust. J. Expt. Agri. ۳۷, ۶۸۳– ۶۹۱. Khan, M. and H. Noor (۱۹۹۵). Weeds of wheat crop and their control. Div. of Com. Services. NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar. Khan, N., Hassan, G., Khan, M. A. and Khan, I. (۲۰۰۳) Efficacy of different herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat crop at different times of application–I. Asian J. Plant Sci. ۲, ۳۰۵-۳۰۹. Khan, N. U., Khan, S. U., Hassan, G., Khakwani, A.A. and Nawaz, Q. (۲۰۰۱) Studies on chemical weed control measures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Biol. Sci. ۱, ۵۸۴- ۵۸۶. Malik, R. K. and Singh, S. (۱۹۹۵) Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) resistance to isoproturon in India. Weed Tech. ۹, ۴۱۹– ۲۵.  Manning, T. H., Palmer, J. J. and Hewson, R. T. (۱۹۹۳) Weed control in wheat with Hoe ۱۰۲۸-a combination of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and isoproturon. Brighten Crop Protection Conference. ۹, ۵۹۷-۶۰۰. CAB Abstracts ۱/۹۳- ۱۲/۹۴. Masood, M., Jan, M. T. and Shamsi, I. H. (۲۰۰۲) Impact of nitrogen fertilizer, their levels, application time and weeding methods on yield and yield components of wheat. Asian J. Plant Sci. ۱, ۳۶۱- ۳۶۳. Pervaiz, K. and Quazi, M. H. (۱۹۹۲) Status of food production in Pakistan. Prog. Farming ۱۲, ۵. Pingali, P.L. (۱۹۹۹) CIMMYT ۱۹۹۸-۹۹. World Wheat Facts and Trends. Global Wheat Research in a Changing World: Challenges and Achievements. Mexico, D. F. CIMMYT. Singh, S., Kirkwood, R.C. and Marshall, G. (۱۹۹۹) Biology and control of Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass) in wheat. Crop Protection ۱۸, ۱- ۱۶. Singh, S. and Malik, R. K. (۱۹۹۲) Weed management and fertiliser utilization. Fert. News ۳۷, ۵۹- ۶۳. Shamsi, I. H., Khan, S., Farid, S. and Hussain, S. Z. (۲۰۰۱) Effect and economics of weed management practices on yield and yield components of wheat. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. ۱, ۲۰- ۲۲. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (۱۹۸۰) Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.  Stokosa, A., Janeczko, A., Skoczowski, A. and Kie, J. (۲۰۰۶) Isothermal calorimetry as a tool for estimating resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides. Thermochimica Acta ۴۴۱, ۲۰۳–۲۰۶. Tysoe, R.H. (۱۹۷۵) The control of Avena fatua in winter sown cereals with chlorotoluron. Weed Abst. ۲۴, ۳۴. Walia, U. S. and Gill, H.S . (۱۹۸۵) Interactions between herbicides and nitrogen in the control of Phalaris minor in wheat. Trop. Pest Management ۳۱, ۲۲۶-۲۳۱. Welch, C. and Ross, M. A. (۱۹۹۷) Effect of glyphosate, glufosinate and ۲, ۴-D on Canada thistle. Proc. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. ۵۲, ۳۳-۳۵.

کلیدواژه ها:

Avena fatua ، Clodinafop ، p ، Fenoxaprop ، Herbicides ، Isoproturon ، Lolium temulentum ، Phalaris minor ، Weeds