Periodontitis, oral microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease

Periodontitis is an oral infection caused by destruction of periodontal tissue and inflammationdue to microbial activity. Chronic periodontitis increases the risk of multiple tooth loss,systemic disease and cancer, renal and respiratory diseases, malignancies of the head andneck, intermittent pain, periodontal defects, masticatory dysfunction, and edentulous whichaffect patient quality of life, eating habits and self-esteem. The most important factorsinfluencing periodontal disease include environmental (stress, tobacco smoking, andsymbiotic relationships), acquired (poor oral hygiene practice, poor lifestyle, lowsocioeconomic status, carbohydrate diet, nutritional supplements, obesity, smoking, alcoholintake, drugs such as cyclosporine, nifedipine and phenytoin) and genetic factors (ANRIL,GLT۶D۱ and COX۲). Chronic periodontitis occurs in elderly patients primarily associatedwith primarily dental plaque. Chronic periodontitis is treated surgically (surgical treatment ofdeep pockets and bony margins) and non-surgical approaches such as patient education, oralhygiene instruction, scaling and root planing (SRP), occlusal adjustment, antimicrobialagents, antibiotics, photodynamic therapy and use of probiotics. Periodontal treatmentreduced pain, bleeding, pocket depth (PD), prevented bone destruction and decreased toothmobility and tooth loss. P. gingivalis- Lipopolysaccharide caused low number of teeth,cognitive dysfunction, learning impairment and memory loss. P. gingivalis-LPS penetratesthe brain and neurons to stimulate brain endothelial cells for releasing proinflammatorycytokines (IL-۶ and CCL۲) that causing memory and learning deficits, and exacerbate mildcognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Therefore, there arecorrelation between periodontal pathogens, dementia, cognitive impairment,neurodegenerative disease, as well as the initial onset of AD and progression of AD.

کلیدواژه ها:

Aggressive Periodontitis ، Alzheimer’s Disease ، Cognitive dysfunction ، Microbiota