A Comprehensive Review of Ligula intestinalis

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the infection of fish by Plerocercoeid of Ligula intestinalis and the role of eating birds as final hosts in the epidemiology of this infection. The paper begins with an introduction, presenting various data on this parasite, emphasizing different research on L. intestinalis in Iran. The article then explores the collection and processing of results from different regions of the world, highlighting the significance of management and prevention strategies in parasite control. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of Plerocercoeid and the occurrence of zoonotic cases are discussed, shedding light on the importance of understanding the zoonotic aspects of Ligula plerocercoid. The efficacy of available treatments and prevention methods is evaluated, and the evolutionary dynamics of it and related genera and species within the same family and order are investigated. Specifically, the paper analyzes the relationship between L. intestinalis and Digramma interrupta in terms of morphology, molecular structure, and epidemiology. Finally, the taxonomy and nomenclature of these two genera, as well as their family and order, are examined to determine if any rearrangements or updates have occurred. due to the importance of infection in wild and domestic cycle as threating of public health and aquaculture industry Losses, is seem to be necessary design a comprehensive prevention program based on more study on high-risk areas on appropriated intermediated fish host.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ligula intestinalis ، Digramma interrupta ، morphology ، Fish.