Relationship between smoking and hookah using with the occurrence ofnephropathy complication among diabetic patients in southeast of Iran, ۲۰۲۲

Background: The smoking and hookah using not only associated with diabetes, but also caninfluence the time of occurrence of complications among diabetic patients. This study was aimedto investigate the relationship between smoking and hookah using with the occurrence ofnephropathy complication among diabetic patients in southeast of Iran.Methods: This longitudinal study carried out on ۴۱۰ diabetic patients. Data were collected by theresearcher and trained interviewers using standard questionnaire and referring to the patient’srecords. Time of diagnosis was regarded as the initiation of nephropathy. Using at least one time aweek was regarded as smoker or hookah user. The data were analyzed using Log-Rank and Coxregression.Results: The prevalence of smoking, hookah using and nephropathy was ۸%, ۱۴% and ۱۵.۸%,respectively. Both smoking (HR=۲.۱, P=۰.۰۳۱) and hookah using (HR=۱.۹, P=۰.۰۴۶) weresignificantly related to time to event of nephropathy complication among diabetic patientscontrolling for blood parameters, age, gender, Body Mass Index, insurance and socio-economicstatus.Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of smoking is not so much but nephropathy ispretty high among diabetic patients in southeast of Iran. In addition to adjusting for potentialconfounders, both of smoking and hookah using could be as main risk factor for event ofnephropathy among diabetic patients. Regarding large attributed deaths to hypertension, it seemsthat smoking plays the main role in this chain.

کلیدواژه ها:

Smoking ، Hookah Using ، Nephropathy ، Diabetes