Analyzing Manganese Trade Structure in the World

Manganese is of various applications in different industries. Due to uneven distribution of manganesereserves, ۶۰ countries exported manganese ores and concentrates in ۲۰۲۱, while the number ofmanganese importers was ۸۱. This paper aims to examine the global trend of exports and imports ofmanganese. In doing so, first, the top ۱۰ trading countries are determined in terms of value and volumeof trade. Then, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is calculated for both exports and imports during ۲۰۱۰-۲۰۲۱. HHI calculations for manganese international trade indicate high concentration in manganeseexports and imports market. This implies the fragility of importing manganese ores and concentrates.Thus, Iran should consider economic and trade consequences of high concentration in world manganesemarket.

کلیدواژه ها:

Exports ، Imports ، Concentration ، Herfindahl-Hirschman Index