Age, Disease and Its Effect on Male Fertility

Aging and male fertilitySpermatogenesis never s tops in male and tes tes produces spermlifelong.In the developed world, the age of firs t-time parenthood hasincreased s teadily during the las t decades (Schmidt et al., ۲۰۱۲)The effect of increased maternal age on reproduction has beenwidely s tudied, as it influences negatively pregnancy rate andoocyte quality while increasing the likelihood of aneuploidiesin developing embryos (Hendershot, ۱۹۸۴; Munne et al., ۱۹۹۵;Benadiva et al., ۱۹۹۶).However, the effect of paternal age on both sperm characteristics and reproductive outcomes has been comparatively lesss tudied in the general population, and there is no common consensuson its role in reproductive success.Multiple reports show a decline in seminal volume, motility andmorphology with increasing paternal age (Dondero et al., ۱۹۸۵;Centola and Eberly, ۱۹۹۹; Kidd et al., ۲۰۰۱; Eskenazi et al.,۲۰۰۳; Hells trom et al., ۲۰۰۶; S tone et al., ۲۰۱۳).Discrepancies, however, remain when considering spermconcentration; while some s tudies describe adecline with age(Auger et al., ۱۹۹۵;Centola and Eberly, ۱۹۹۹;Aboulghar et al.,۲۰۰۷; Luna et al., ۲۰۰۹), others reported no association (Carlsenet al., ۱۹۹۲; Whitcomb et al., ۲۰۱۱) or even an increase inconcentration (Irvine et al., ۱۹۹۶; Andolz et al., ۱۹۹۹).the effect of paternal age in ARTAs older men tend to have older partners, it is difficult to controlfor the effect of maternal age on oocyte qualityPaternal age was found to have a detrimental effect on pregnancyrates in cycles of conventional IVF adjus ted for maternalage (Klonoff-Cohen and Natarajan, ۲۰۰۴),Other s tudies only considered ICSI when inves tigating the effectof male age.Unfortunately, the findings are s till inconclusive, with some reportsdescribing a significant decrease in both blas tocys t andlive birth rates in men over ۵۰ years (Frattarelli et al., ۲۰۰۸), ora decline in implantation rates in men over ۶۰ years (Luna etal., ۲۰۰۹), while others indicate a lack of effect of paternal agealtogether (Gallardo et al., ۱۹۹۶; Luna et al., ۲۰۰۹; Whitcombet al., ۲۰۱۱).There was no significant association between male age and theaverage morphological score of the embryos generated.Regarding the fertilization rate and mean embryo quality, ourresults show no differences among male age groups.We found a positive relation between the morphological scoreand the fertilization success rate.we found no correlation between male age and any of the reproductiveoutcomesit is undeniable that natural conception and pregnancy ratesafter minor manipulations, such as intrauterine insemination,decrease with increasing male age, even after controlling formaternal age