Liposomal delivery system/adjuvant for subunit vaccineagainst tuberculosis

Background and Aim : As reported by the World Health Organization, in ۲۰۲۰, about ۱۰ millionindividuals were infected with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Moreover, approximately ۱.۵ millionpeople died of TB, of which ۲۱۴,۰۰۰ were infected with HIV simultaneously. Due to the high rateof infection, the need for effective TB vaccination is highly felt. Until now, various methodologieshave been proposed for the development of a protein subunit vaccine for TB. These vaccines haveshown higher protection than others, particularly the Bacillus culture vaccine. The delivery systemand safety regulator are common characteristics of effective adjuvants in TB vaccines and theclinical trial stage. The present study investigates the current state of TB adjuvant researchfocusing on the liposomal adjuvant system. Based on our findings, the liposomal system is anexcellent adjuvant for vaccinations against TB, other intracellular infections, and malignancies.Clinical studies can provide valuable feedback for developing novel TB adjuvants, whichultimately enhance the impact of adjuvants on next-generation TB vaccines.Methods : -Results : -Conclusion : Currently, TB vaccines are being tested with four adjuvants. While our knowledgeabout the mechanisms of action of these adjuvants is improving, they were established during atime when IFN- was the dominant screening method. New technical progress in vaccine research,e.g., single B/T cell whole transcriptome analysis and systems immunology, results in significantdiscoveries. Therefore, it is essential to examine the intersections between innate and adaptiveimmunity (۲۱). One of the variables that will be critical in the development of an effective vaccineis the participation of B-cells and antibodies (۹۷). The discovery of downregulated invariantnatural killer T cells in the blood of TB patients exhibits that antibodies could be employed totarget latent infection. Moreover, the activation of these cells through galactosylceramide coulddestroy latently infected cells. In some species, vaccination with liposomal vaccines may provideprolonged protection against M. TB infection. Considering these data, it appears that a liposomaladjuvant system is excellent for vaccination against TB and other intracellular diseases, as well astumors. Systematic analyses of clinical trials can contribute to achieving important information ondeveloping new TB adjuvants and enhancing adjuvants' effect in next-generation TB vaccines.