Background and Aim : Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type ۱ (HTLV-۱) is a human retrovirusthat causes a lifelong infection. HTLV- infections such as leukaemia, progressive neurologicaldisorder, ropical Spastic Paraparesis and
HTLV-۱ Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM), directlyare associated to the most aggressive T cell malignancies. Most HTLV-۱-infected individualsremain asymptomatic for life. The factors that cause different manifestations of infection are notfully understood, and accumulating evidence suggests that the complex virus-host interactions, aswell as the host immune response against
HTLV-۱ infection, appear to regulate the developmentof HTLV-۱-associated diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progress made over thelast years in the recognition of
HTLV-۱ infection, cloning, gene expression, and its resulting celltransformation, as well as methods to prevent human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection andcellular lymphoma/leukemia T cells.Methods : This review was conducted using keywords such as liver cell cancer, treatment, Crispertechnology, and HCC in PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, andWeb of Science based on Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy.Results : HTLV- infections are considered a neglected disease nowadays, and despite recentadvances in chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), andsupportive care, the prognosis of patients with ATLL is one of the weakest among hematologicmalignancies. Prenatal screening for
HTLV-۱ should be performed in endemic areas with accurateinformation and advice. The development of a safe and effective vaccine can be an important toolin protecting vectors against ATLL. Therefore, the aim of vaccination should be to enhance HTLV-۱-specific T-cell responses in asymptomatic carriers and enhance clearance of infected and alteredcells, thereby protecting against ATLL.Conclusion : Vertical transmission, high provirus count, and suppression of T-cell immuneresponses in
HTLV-۱ are important risk factors for the development of ATLL. Vaccination ofuninfected individuals against
HTLV-۱ is a complex practical strategy to prevent ATLL. However,there are several hurdles that need to be overcome before clinical application. In this article, weprovide a comprehensive overview of recently uncovered information on the molecular basis ofleukemogenesis in ATLL and HTLV diseases.