micro- and Nanoelectronic Features for Biomedical Applications (BioMEMS/BioNEMS) Have Been Developed Through Various Fabrication Techniques and Biocompatible Nanomaterials

Note : The creative use of nano-microelectronic systems and  (Nano Electro Mechanical Systems  (NEMS ))  in nano-bioelectronic sensor applications has provided favorable conditions for (Nano NEMS) to accurately and accurately detect environmental factors   .

The use of nanotechnology in nanobiosensor applications  has facilitated the control and fine-tuning of nanoenvironmental functions  . Nanostructures  are widely used  in the field of nanobiosensors due to their small size in the nanometer range and multiple functions in specific locations  . Various types of  multifunctional MEMS/NEMS devices with  micro- and nanoelectronic features for biomedical applications (BioMEMS/BioNEMS ) have been developed through various fabrication techniques and  biocompatible nanomaterials. However, the integration of  the devices with the physiological environment of nanobiosensors  is a major challenge. Most of them  lose their performance due to the limitations of nanoparticle in nanobiosensors and cause  undesirable effects. In vitro and  in bioenvironmental nanosensor applications, the performance of Bio MEMS implants  such as biosensors, smart stents  , etc., as well as the interaction of these devices with the  physiological environment of the nanobiosensors and  biocompatible BioMEMS are essential for the development of the structure and architecture of nanobiosensors.

Micro-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) and (BioMEMS)  are very useful smart surfaces, in that using  nanotechnology and various polymer materials or molecules,  their surface can be modified and, ultimately, the complications can be reduced and the device performance can be improved   inside the nanobiosensors and in environmental conditions. 

Nanoporous coatings are  used for applications in, electrodes made of  carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in electrochemical nanobiosensors  that have been modified by nanowires and nanoparticles and nanoparticles that  are used in optical nanobiosensors.  The use of nanoporous coatings such as nanocarbons (diamonds coated with aluminum) and alumina  makes nanobiosensors resistant to adverse environmental effects. On the other hand, silicon nanoarrays as nanobiosensors are widely used in MEMS technologies  due to their ease  of fabrication.

Conclusion :

New analytical tools are able to explore the nanometer world to determine the nanoelectrochemical and mechanical properties of micro-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) and (BioMEMS), discover new phenomena and processes, and provide knowledge with a wide range of tools, materials, devices, and systems with unique properties. Nanobiosensors are widely used in many general, industrial, and specialized fields. However, the development of diagnostic methods based on nanodevices is still a challenge. Rapid and accurate detection requires nanobiosensors with low energy consumption and fast reactions, increased selectivity, and sensitivity. Undoubtedly, each of these parameters requires further advances due to the expansion of nanomaterial synthesis and the integration of different techniques.