Carbon Neutrality, Sustainable Development, and Industry

Climate change caused by the increasing emission of greenhouse gases—especially carbon dioxide—is one of the most serious environmental and sustainable development challenges of the 21st century. In response to this crisis, the concept of carbon neutrality has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate global warming and achieve environmental sustainability. Carbon neutrality refers to a state in which the net carbon emissions reach zero. This goal is achieved by reducing emissions at major sources (such as energy, transportation, and industry) and by absorbing or offsetting the remaining emissions.

This study, using a descriptive–analytical method and drawing upon international scientific sources, explores the theoretical, technological, policy-related, and urban dimensions of carbon neutrality. It focuses on a case study of Stockholm, which is considered one of the most successful global examples in this field. By implementing the Climate Action Plan 2030 and setting the goal of full carbon neutrality by 2040, Stockholm has adopted measures such as expanding electric public transportation, utilizing renewable energy, implementing green waste management, reducing energy consumption in buildings, and introducing carbon taxes on fossil fuels. Stockholm University has also developed a climate roadmap, aiming to reduce emissions across various scopes and promote environmental awareness among students and staff.

The findings of this study indicate that achieving carbon neutrality requires a combination of multiple factors, including technological infrastructure, political will, public participation, and transparent reporting mechanisms. Challenges such as the high cost of carbon capture technologies, lack of climate justice, greenwashing, and weak binding climate laws have been identified as key obstacles on this path. Ultimately, the experience of Stockholm can serve as a locally adaptable model for major Iranian cities—including Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan—to facilitate the transition toward sustainable and low-carbon development