Urinary tract and genital cancer

سال انتشار: 1398
نوع سند: مقاله کنفرانسی
زبان: انگلیسی
مشاهده: 308

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شناسه ملی سند علمی:

ISMOH18_105

تاریخ نمایه سازی: 8 بهمن 1398

چکیده مقاله:

Intruducton: Urinary tract cancers are common and include lesions from small benign tumors to aggressive neoplasms with high mortality.Urinary tract cancers include the bladder, Kidney, Urethral. The predominant malignancy of the urinary tract is bladder cancer. The clinical challenge of early diagnosis and follow-up is sufficient because recurrence is high and delayed diagnosis is associated with poor prognosis. Bladder cancer affects more men than women and is more common in those over the age of 65. The most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell cancer, which consists of several different types: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma,Papillary renal cell carcinoma,Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,Rare types,Unclassified. Urethral tract cancers, including: Squamous cell,Transitional cell and Adenocarcinoma risk factors The largest risk factor for developing bladder cancer is smoking (currently or in the past). Other risk factors include: Family history,Genetic mutations,Occupational exposure to chemicals,Previous exposure to certain chemotherapy medications, Radiation to the pelvis, Exposure to arsenic in well water, Aristolochic ,Bladder infections ,Neurogenic bladder and the overuse of indwelling catheters.Risk factors related to developing kidney cancer include:Smoking (most prominent risk factor),Obesity,Workplace exposure to cadmium, some herbicides, and some organic solvents,Family history of kidney cancer,Other risk factors include: analgesic abuse, high blood pressure, hereditary diseases including von Hippel-Lindau disease and polycystic kidney disease.The risk factors of Urethral tract cancers can include:History of bladder cancer,,Health issues that cause chronic inflammation Signs & Symptoms The most common sign of bladder cancer is hematuria (blood in the urine). Other symptoms are :Increased frequency of urination ,Urgency ,Nocturia ,Pain,Feeling of incomplete emptying of bladder.Signs and symptoms of a tumor in the kidney include:Hematuria,Pain in your low back, usually on one side,A mass you can feel on your side or lower back,Feeling tired,Decreased appetite, Losing weight.,Fever.,Anemia.Signs of urethral cancer are: Issues with normal bathroom habits. Examples are having trouble urinating including starting, weak flow, frequency, stopping midstream, and inability to hold your urine. ,Discharge or bleeding from the urethra or having blood in the urine,A lump or swelling in the groin, perineum or penis.TreatmentWhat you and your doctor choose depends on many issues, such as:tumor grade ,tumor size, location and extent,your age,medical history,overall health,kidney collecting system anatomy. However,Treatment for bladder cancer depends on the type of bladder cancer you have and the stage.In general, Treatment for kidney are used:Surgery,Radiation therapy ,Targeted therap and Immunotherapy , Often for urethral cancer treatments are used:Surgery,Radiation Therapy,ChemotherapyAfter TreatmentWhen an upper urinary tract cancer is caught early, the chances of surgical cure are good. Overall the outlook depends on 2 factors:1- How aggressive cancer cells are. Low-grade disease is less aggressive and less likely to spread to other organs. High-grade disease is more likely to be invasive.2- The extent to which the tumor has spread. If the tumor does not invade the lymph node or other tissue, the chance of treatment is high. No additional treatments are needed. But if the cancer has spread to adjacent lymph nodes, your doctor may recommend another systemic chemotherapy

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نویسندگان

Fariba Tabari

Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran