Design and manufacture of modified carbon base electrodes for measuring thallium in the environment

Thallium industrial applications are very high and often work in certain electron equipmentgoes. Thallium is used as an activator in most gamma-ray and infrared radiation detection devices. The combination of thallium oxides as high-temperature superconductors is used in filters for wireless communications. Thallium Crystal, Arsenic and Selenium are essential for light diffusion in optical measuring instruments. Thallium and mercury are also used to measure low temperatures [1].Biologically, thallium monohydric compounds such as thallium sulfate, nitrate, acetate and carbonate are very toxic and easily absorbed through the skin through the skin. The lethal dose of thallium in humans is 12-8 μg / g. In addition, thallium can replace K + in the activation of certain enzymes, such as adenosine triphosphate. Thallium can also cause mitochondrial damage to the cell. Thallium toxicity for the biosphere is even greater than the Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu elements [ 2 ] .A high-selectivity voltammetric method was introduced for determining Thallium using Fe3O4 graphene, as a generic agent. This electrochemical method is based on the accumulation of thallium ions on a carbon modified paste with crown ether, and then measured by a voltammetric differential pulse bifurcation. The factors that were effective in determining the thallium by voltammetric method of differential pulse hyphenation such as electrolyte concentration (20ml), recovery potential (-1) and duration of recovery potential (400 s) were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the electrode response ranges from -0.4 to -0.8 ng / ml. The detection limit of the procedure was 0.86 ng / ml. This method was used to determine thallium in water and hair samples.The results determined that the superior selectivity of the method and the velocity of the voltmeter of the closed-circuit were combined and selective, sensitive and fast electrodes were designed to measure thallium ions.