Echocardiography pitfall in general cardiology

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a critical tool in the field of clinical cardiology.Traditionally,TTE is one of the first-line imaging modalities used in the evaluation of cardiac function and disease owing to its low cost, portability, widespread availability, and lack of ionizing radiation.I will be present some cases and organized the relevant pitfalls and limitations into five broad categories: (a) masses and mass mimics, including crista terminalis, eustachian valve, chiari network, right ventricle moderator band, atrioventricular groove fat, left ventricular band [or left ventricular false tendon], hiatal hernia, caseous calci cation of the mitral annulus, lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum, cardiac tumors(b) poorly visualized apical lesions, such as aneurysm, thrombus, infarct, and hypertrophic and other nonischemic cardiomyopathies(c) pitfalls related to the evaluation for ascending thoracic aortic dissection false positive, false negative, dissecting aneurysm (d)some valvular heart disease such as paravalvular leakage and highly eccentric valvular regurgitation and paradoxical low flow AS that underestimate in transthoracic echocardiography. At the last (e) pitfall related to pericardial disease such as absence of pericardium and diverticula