Precision Medicine and Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancers (TC) are the most prevalence endocrine cancers with unpredictable fast-growing incidence especially in females all over the world. An accurate diagnostic method for detecting thyroid nodules and classification of TC is Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) analysis. Though simplicity, safety and accuracy of FNAB, 15-30 % of cases are indeterminate and it is not possible to determine the exact cytology of the specimen. This demands the need for innovative methods capable to find crucial biomarkers with adequate sensitivity for diagnosis and prediction in TC researches. Cancer study-based Metabolomics is vast filed which studies a large set of metabolites extracted from biofluids or tissues based on the information-rich analytical chemistry technique for detection of metabolites. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) coupled with separation techniques e.g. Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC) are the main approaches for metabolic studies in cancers. The immense metabolite profiling has provided a chance to discover novel biomarkers for early detection of thyroid cancer and reduce unnecessary aggressive surgery. In this review we recapitulate the recent advances and developed methods of diverse metabolomics tools and metabolic phenotypes of thyroid cancer, following a brief discussion of recent challenges in the thyroid cancer diagnosis.