The challenges of wastewater and its management: A Review

Water is crucial for all aspects of life, the defining feature of our planet. Ninety-seven and a half percent of all water are found in the oceans, of the remaining freshwater, only one percent is accessible for extraction and use. At the beginning of the 21st century, the world faces a water crisis, both of quantity and quality, caused by continuous population growth, industrialization, food production practices, increased living standards and poor water use strategies. Water that has been adversely affected in quality by pollutants is called wastewater. this report has taken a broad perspective, and defined wastewater as a combination of one or more of domestic effluent consisting of blackwater (excreta, urine, and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater); water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals; industrial effluent, stormwater and another urban run-off; agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter (adapted from Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, 2008). Wastewater management or the lack of, has a direct impact on the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems, disrupting the fundamental integrity of our life support systems, on which a wide range of sectors from urban development to food production and industry depend. It is essential that wastewater management is considered as part of integrated, ecosystem-based management that operates across sectors and borders, freshwater and marine. This review focuses on wastewater and its relationship to challenges and management, food security and production, industry, health and human well-being, ecosystem function, global change, realising the opportunities, managing wastewater effectively, the wastewater treatment technologies to remove contaminants from it, and the last policy recommendations.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wastewater ، Water crisis ، Pollutants ، Treatment technologies