Effectiveness of percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for neck pain relief in patients with cervical spondylosis

Shoulder pain is a common complaint after laparoscopy, sometimes surpassing pain at incision sites. Post-laparoscopic shoulder pain is caused by retention of CO2 in abdomen during pneumoperitoneum, which irritates the phrenic nerve and diaphragm, causing pain in the shoulder. Our aim is to review different intra and postoperative methods to reduce shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.