New emerging strategies and innovations of agriculture to prevent pesticides and mycotoxins outcome on the health of the fetus and infant birth

Nutrition and health of the mother impact on fetus welfare and is an effective factor for the health of the fetus and baby. Although it is known that factors such as alcohol, drugs and infections influence pregnancy but the role of agricultural toxins and pollutants on birth outcomes should be considered further. Environmental toxins may find a way to fetus through food or water consumed by the mother. Aflatoxin is one of the toxins that enters the body with food. Several studies have shown that the biochemical, immunity and metabolism disorders that are created by aflatoxin in fetus can lead to intrauterine growth retardation or underweight at birth. Aflatoxins biochemical effects are known by inhibiting the synthesis of proteins, enzymes and coagulation factor as well as reducing the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and phospholipids synthesis. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus Numyous. Therefore, contamination of food and animal food with aflatoxin is one of the main considerations in the fields of safety, health and food trade for humans and animal’s health. It was also reported that aflatoxin can cause suppression of the immune system in children and there is a relation between aflatoxin and growth retardation in children, as well as low weight of babies at birth. The presence of mycotoxins in organic food has been reviewed and approved in several studies. In the case that aflatoxin is seen in a very little amounts during a period as a very toxic substance causes cancer. Therefore, management and agricultural practices must be done so as there is the low possibility of pollutants. In organic farming, the product may be exposed to rodents and insects that as a result, mycotoxins and natural toxins in them would be higher. Global risk assessment studies concluded that 25200 to 155000 human liver cancers per year is associated with aflatoxin contamination. Meanwhile, Genetic Engineering and genetically engineered crops provide valuable approach to the problem of aflatoxin in food products. Genetic Engineering of aflatoxins control focuses on pests’ protein expression, peptides expression and antifungal protein and the usage of gene silencing technology. Focus on the resistance against insect is due to the relationship between insect damage and to aflatoxin contamination. Research suggests that these carcinogenic compounds are not only less in organic food, but also in some cases it is more than the non-organic food; for example, it has been observed that contamination of organic corn to B1 and B2 Fumonisin is up to ten times more than non-organic corn. Fumonisins are mycotoxins that are associated with many complications, including liver cancer, kidney failure, etc. However, other studies have shown that for example using technology and the using transgenic plants resistant to the European corn worm reduces aflatoxin levels in the plant. It is hoped that due to new agricultural technologies that reduce pesticide use and natural toxins such as aflatoxin, are likely to reduce harmful consequences on the birth

کلیدواژه ها:

Aflatoxin ، Genetic engineering ، Harmful consequences of birth