Cardiovascular Complications Following COVID-۱۹: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Background and Aim: Coronavirus disease ۲۰۱۹ (COVID-۱۹) affects not only the respiratory system but also the cardiovascular system, leading to both acute and long-term complications. Increasing evidence suggests that cardiovascular involvement remains a significant concern among patients recovering from COVID-۱۹. Materials and Methods: This narrative review summarized current evidence regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms and cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-۱۹. Relevant articles published between January ۲۰۲۰ and June ۲۰۲۶ were identified using PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that myocardial injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, and thromboembolic events are among the most common cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-۱۹. These complications appear to result from multiple mechanisms, including direct viral invasion through angiotensin-converting enzyme ۲ receptors, systemic inflammation, cytokine-mediated injury, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and persistent immune activation. Recent evidence also highlights the important role of Long COVID in prolonged cardiovascular morbidity. Conclusion: Cardiovascular complications are a crucial component of the long-term consequences of COVID-۱۹. Early identification of high-risk patients and implementation of long-term cardiovascular monitoring strategies may improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of post-COVID cardiovascular disease.

کلیدواژه ها:

COVID-۱۹ ، Long COVID ، Cardiovascular complications ، Myocardial injury ، Arrhythmia ، Heart failure