Nanoparticle-Based Pharmaceutical Delivery for Management of Diabetes: A Focused Mini-review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with rising global prevalence, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. The primary challenge in diabetes management is maintaining blood glucose within a narrow physiological range, as both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia pose significant health risks. While lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy remain crucial, conventional drug administration routes present considerable limitations including poor patient compliance, suboptimal bioavailability, and adverse effects. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms to address these challenges. This review evaluates recent applications of nanomaterials in diabetes management, encompassing oral and injectable drug delivery, glucose-responsive formulations, and microneedle patches. We discuss polymeric, lipid-based, mesoporous silica, and metallic nanoparticles in enhancing drug stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Also, nanoparticle-based strategies for mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation-central to diabetic pathophysiology-are reviewed. Stimuli-responsive functionalities enable closed-loop insulin delivery systems responding to physiological glucose fluctuations. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and clinical translation have to be addressed further. This review provides a critical analysis of current progress and future directions in nanoparticle-based diabetes therapy.

کلیدواژه ها:

Diabetes mellitus ، Nanoparticles ، Drug delivery ، Insulin ، Glucose-responsive systems ، Oxidative stress ، Microneedles