Legal Challenges of Data Sovereignty in Smart Contracts: A Comparative Approach of Iran, the European Union, and the United States

Smart contracts, leveraging blockchain for automated execution, pose intricate data sovereignty challenges encompassing ownership attribution, privacy safeguards, jurisdictional authority over cross-border data flows, and oracle input reliability. This comparative legal analysis scrutinizes these dilemmas under Iranian Civil Code (Articles ۱۰, ۱۹۰), EU's GDPR (Article ۵) and MiCA (۲۰۲۴), and U.S. frameworks like Wyoming's Blockchain Act and UCC Article ۱۲ amendments. Iranian law defaults to general contract principles amid digital voids, EU enforces stringent data protection via DPIAS and regulatory sandboxes, while U.S. embraces code-as-law paradigms with decentralized dispute resolution. Key challenges include oracle manipulation risks, data immutability conflicts with right-to-be-forgotten, and enforcement gaps in DeFi ecosystems. The study proposes a hybrid governance model integrating multi-signature consents, tamper-proof oracles, and lex informatica principles to bolster enforceability. This pioneering trilateral comparison illuminates legislative harmonization imperatives for global blockchain interoperability.

کلیدواژه ها:

Smart contracts ، data sovereignty ، blockchain governance ، private law ، GDPR