Assessing the Contribution of Biological (Chronotype and Sleep) and Motivational Factors to Bipolar Disorder Symptom Severity

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by mood fluctuations between the poles of mania and depression. Identifying predictors of these fluctuations can improve diagnosis and treatment. The present study aimed to examine the role of behavioral brain systems (behavioral activation system [BAS]/ behavioral inhibition system [BIS]), chronotype, and sleep disturbance in predicting mood fluctuations during both manic and depressive phases in individuals with bipolar I disorder (male and female). Methods: The study used a purposive, correlational design and involved systematic monitoring of participants over ۳ months. The study population consisted of all individuals diagnosed with bipolar I disorder at the Razi Psychiatric Educational and Treatment Center, Tehran City, Iran, in ۲۰۲۵. A convenience sample of ۱۵۰ participants was selected (commencing the study with patients hospitalized in the acute manic phase). Data collection tools included the Horne-Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ; ۱۹۷۶), the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales (۱۹۹۴) as baseline measures, the patient health questionnaire for assessing depressive symptom severity, and the Altman self-rating mania scale (ASRM) for assessing mania/hypomania symptom severity over ۳ months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and hierarchical regression analysis was employed to determine the variance explained by motivational and biological variables. Results: The results indicated that predictive mechanisms function differently across the two phases of the disorder. In the manic phase, BAS was the strongest predictor (β=۰.۴۶۷, P<۰.۰۰۱), and the model explained ۳۵.۸% of the variance in the third month (R۲=۰.۳۵۸). Conversely, in the depressive phase, BIS variables (β=۰.۳۲۸, P<۰.۰۰۱) and sleep disturbance (β=۰.۳۷۷, P<۰.۰۰۱) played a key role in prediction; notably, in the first month, the inclusion of sleep quality led to a significant change in the coefficient of determination (ΔR۲=۰.۰۸۹, P<۰.۰۰۱). Conclusion: The findings suggest that in the depressive phase, biological variables (sleep) play a more prominent role than motivational variables. The results demonstrated that the pathophysiology of mania (BAS-dependent) and depression (BIS- and circadian rhythm-dependent) follows distinct pathways. These results emphasize the necessity of personalizing therapeutic interventions based on the phase of the disorder, prioritizing reward system management in mania and biological rhythm regulation in depression.

کلیدواژه ها:

Bipolar disorder (BD) ، Behavioral brain system ، Behavioral activation system (BAS) ، Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) ، Chronotype ، Sleep disturbance ، Mania ، Depression