۵G Mobile Antennas: A Critical Review of Design Principles, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions

۵G mobile antennas must provide multiband coverage, spatial diversity or multiplexing, directional link gain, and acceptable exposure within dense radio platforms. This review synthesizes ۵G mobile-antenna requirements across FR۱ and FR۲ frequency bands, and evaluates compact radiators, arrays, and package-integrated apertures and adds comparisons among recent measured and simulated studies. It clarifies impedance matching, realized gain, radiation and total efficiency, isolation, reflection, and exposure metrics. A constraint-first framework connects application requirements with topology, integration strategy, and validation evidence. The evidence indicates that distributed chassis-assisted radiators remain suitable for compact FR۱ handsets, whereas FR۲ directional links require package-aware steerable apertures and angular diversity. There is no universally superior ۵G antenna technology: selection depends on platform, propagation, RF-chain architecture, tolerance budget, and loaded-state behavior. The review concludes that measured system-relevant performance is more reliable for selection than isolated peak gain or low simulated correlation.

کلیدواژه ها:

۵G antennas ، MIMO ، mmWave antennas ، beamforming ، antenna integration.