Comparative Study of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Approaches in the Development of Modern Buildings: A Comparison between Iran and China

apid technological development, urbanization, energy constraints, and the need to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction industry have transformed modern building development into an interdisciplinary process. Contemporary buildings can no longer be effectively designed through isolated architectural, civil engineering, or mechanical engineering approaches. Instead, an integrated framework connecting architecture, structural engineering, building services, energy systems, and construction management is increasingly required. This study presents a comparative review and analytical assessment of modern building development approaches in Iran and China, with particular emphasis on architecture, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering. The study investigates the role of Building Information Modeling (BIM), prefabrication, industrialized construction, green buildings, energy optimization, smart construction, and integrated design. The reviewed literature indicates that China has developed a relatively coordinated pathway toward industrialization, BIM adoption, prefabrication, smart construction, and sustainable development. Iran, on the other hand, possesses significant potential in climate-responsive architecture, traditional passive design strategies, energy optimization, and engineering capabilities, but faces challenges related to investment, regulatory frameworks, digital infrastructure, professional training, organizational resistance, and the gap between academia and industry. The findings indicate that direct replication of the Chinese construction model in Iran would not be appropriate. Instead, a context-sensitive framework should be developed based on Iran's climatic, economic, technological, and institutional conditions. The study proposes that stronger integration among architecture, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering, together with BIM implementation, industrialized construction, energy simulation, prefabrication, and university–industry collaboration, could provide an effective pathway for modernizing Iran's construction sector.

کلیدواژه ها:

: Architecture ، Civil Engineering ، Mechanical Engineering ، Modern Buildings ، BIM