A Metabolite Profiling Approach for the Identification of Antidiabetic Marker Compounds in Bungur Leaves (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Juwet Leaves (Syzygium cumini), and Temulawak Rhizomes (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Using LC-QTOF-MS/MS

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a continuously increasing global prevalence, emphasizing the need for safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives, including those derived from natural products. This study aimed to characterize and compare the metabolite profiles of Bungur leaves (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Juwet leaves (Syzygium cumini), and Temulawak rhizomes (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), as well as to identify potential antidiabetic marker compounds using a Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based metabolite profiling approach. Plant materials were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using ethanol as the extraction solvent (۹۵% for Bungur leaves and Temulawak rhizomes, and ۷۰% for Juwet leaves), with solvent concentrations selected according to the polarity of the target metabolites in each plant. Physicochemical characterization included the determination of moisture content, extraction yield, and particle size. The moisture content of both raw materials and extracts was below ۱۰%, indicating good stability and compliance with quality requirements. Particle size analysis showed that the extracts ranged from ۲۳۳.۱۰ to ۷۷۷.۰۰ nm, with a relatively uniform size distribution. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified ۱۲ metabolites in Bungur leaves, ۲۴ metabolites in Juwet leaves, and ۲۵ metabolites in Temulawak rhizomes, comprising phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, fatty acids, and several unidentified metabolites. The principal antidiabetic marker compounds detected were corosolic acid in Bungur leaves, ellagitannins in Juwet leaves, and xanthorrhizol and curcumin in Temulawak rhizomes, all of which have been widely reported to possess antidiabetic properties. Several high-abundance unidentified metabolites were also detected, suggesting the presence of potentially novel bioactive compounds that warrant further investigation. Overall, LC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolite profiling provides comprehensive metabolite characterization and facilitates the identification of candidate antidiabetic marker compounds. These findings provide a scientific basis for the standardization of herbal raw materials using multiple markers and support the development of high-quality, safe, and efficacious phytopharmaceutical products.

کلیدواژه ها:

Metabolite profiling ، antidiabetic compounds ، Lagerstroemia speciosa ، Syzygium cumini ، Curcuma xanthorrhiza