Next-Generation Remediation Using MOFs: A Comprehensive Review on ZIF-۸, UiO-۶۶, and MIL-۱۰۱ for Water and Soil Desalination

The necessity of this work stems from the urgent need to address intertwined challenges of water scarcity and soil salinization in arid regions, where conventional methods are energy-intensive and unsustainable. This review innovates by integrating nanotechnology with plasma physics for MOF functionalization and biochar hybrids, focusing on three water-stable MOFs: ZIF-۸, UiO-۶۶, and MIL-۱۰۱. Methods include a systematic literature review of experimental data from ۲۰۱۴–۲۰۲۵ on synthesis, ion removal performance, and technology integration.Water scarcity and salinization of soil are two interlinked environmental challenges having a calamitous impact on farming sustainability and human advancement in semi-arid and arid zones. Traditional desalination processes and soil remediation technologies are either energy-consuming, costly, or uneconomical for practical implementation. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with their ultrahigh surface area, adjustable porosity, and framework flexibility have emerged in recent times as superior materials for brackish water desalination and salt-affected soil remediation. In this review, the multifunctional applications of three commonly studied water-stable MOFs, i.e., ZIF-۸, UiO-۶۶, and MIL-۱۰۱, their structural advantages, ion removal performance, and their prospects for integration of environmental technologies are presented. These MOFs act as adsorbents or as membrane fillers in water treatment processes to achieve selective ion sieving and enhanced salt rejection through control of the nanochannels, electrostatic attraction, and metal site-ligand coordination. In soil remediation, MOF composites, especially MOF-biochar hybrids, have been very efficient in restricting the mobility and bioavailability of salt ions like Na⁺ and Cl⁻, thereby improving plant health and yield. We distill recent experimental data that demonstrate the potential of these MOFs for sequestering heavy metals and salts from both aqueous solutions and matrices of soil. This strategy addressing desalination and salinity remediation places MOFs in the position of being a next-generation solution to two of the most pressing environmental challenges of the present day. The physicochemical stability, surface chemistry tunability, and recyclability, combined together uniquely in ZIF-۸, UiO-۶۶, and MIL-۱۰۱, render these materials strong contenders for future sustainable technology. Application of such materials can revolutionize integrated water-soil management systems, particularly in desertifying and agriculture-degrading regions.

کلیدواژه ها:

Metal&ndash ، Organic Frameworks (MOFs) ، Desalination ، Soil Salinity Remediation ، Environmental Nanotechnology ، Sustainable