Comparison of Salivary Levels of Adenosine Deaminase and Interleukin-۱۰ in COVID-۱۹ Vaccine Recipients and Non-Vaccinated Individuals

Introduction: Global efforts to combat COVID-۱۹ have led to the rapid development and widespread administration of various vaccines, including AstraZeneca. While vaccination remains a pivotal strategy for controlling the virus’s spread, it is crucial to explore its potential immunomodulatory effects on salivary biomarkers. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and interleukin-۱۰ (IL-۱۰), both implicated in immune responses, serve as vital indicators of the host’s immune status. ADA is a marker related to purine metabolism and cellular immune activity, while IL-۱۰ is a regulatory cytokine involved in limiting inflammatory responses. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the salivary levels of ADA and IL-۱۰ between COVID-۱۹–vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Methods: Overall, ۴۱ individuals with a history of at least two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine and ۴۱ unvaccinated individuals were included in this case-control study. Non-stimulated saliva samples were collected in sterile test tubes. Then, IL-۱۰ levels in the saliva were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the total amount of ADA in the saliva was calculated using specific ADA kits. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS ۲۸ using ANCOVA test (P=۰.۰۵). Results: The average ADA level was higher in COVID-۱۹ vaccine recipients (۲۰.۲۶±۳.۲۰) than in unvaccinated individuals (۱۸.۳۷±۲.۱۲). Moreover, the average IL-۱۰ level was higher in the vaccinated group (۳۱.۰۵±۸.۳۲) compared to the unvaccinated group (۲۱.۱۲±۹.۵۰). Conclusion: AstraZeneca vaccination could alter the immune system’s homeostasis compared to unvaccinated individuals. Our findings confirmed that COVID-۱۹ vaccination significantly increases salivary IL-۱۰ and ADA levels in vaccine recipients.