A Conceptual-Applied Model for the Attribution of International State Responsibility in AI-Based Cyberattacks: From 'Effective Control' to 'Due Diligence'

With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous cyber systems, the nature of international threats has shifted from human-directed attacks toward complex, high-speed, and self-learning operations. One of the most critical legal bottlenecks in this domain is the issue of "attribution." While the regime of international state responsibility is predicated upon the link between the wrongful act and the state's will, the characteristics of AI—namely "algorithmic autonomy" and "technical complexity"—have created an impasse in establishing this link, thereby reinforcing the strategy of "plausible deniability" for aggressor states.

کلیدواژه ها:

Attribution ، Artificial Intelligence (AI) ، Tallinn Manual ، Due Diligence ، Countermeasures ، Plausible Deniability