Mathematics, Philosophy, and Divine Unity: Comparative Approaches in Islamic and Western Thought

Beyond its foundational role as an exact science and a practical tool for measurement, mathematics has long served as an essential language for describing the profound order and harmony inherent in the universe. This structural order—manifested through numbers, geometric shapes, and proportional ratios—was historically regarded by philosophers and theologians as a direct reflection of divine wisdom and cosmic design. Utilizing an analytical-comparative methodology based on original historical and philosophical sources, this article thoroughly examines the deep-seated relationship between religion and mathematics across ancient Greece, India, the Islamic world, and Western philosophy. The findings reveal that foundational mathematical concepts—ranging from Pythagorean number mysticism to Al-Khwarizmi's groundbreaking algebra and the sophisticated geometric theories of Khayyam and Tusi—were pursued not merely to solve scientific problems, but as spiritual tools for comprehending divine rationality. Moreover, the insights of contemporary thinkers like Allameh Tabataba'i and Hassanzadeh Amoli demonstrate that this perspective remains vibrant within monotheistic thought today. By adopting a non-teleological framework, this study highlights how differing metaphysical assumptions shaped mathematical interpretations across cultures, ultimately proving that the bond between religion and mathematics is intrinsic, rooted in order, truth, and unity.

کلیدواژه ها:

Religion ، history ،   mysticism ، nombers ، principle of existence