Intelligent Colorimetric Detection of Anti-Asthmatic Drugs Using Hybrid Gold Nanoparticle-Based Sensor and Signal Processing

This study proposes a hybrid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of salbutamol (SLB) and ipratropium (IPR) in synthetic mixtures, pharmaceutical inhalers, and human urine samples. The method combines a gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-based colorimetric assay with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). Among the evaluated wavelet families, the Demeyer wavelet exhibited the best predictive performance and was selected for further analysis. Calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range of ۵۰–۲۰۰ µg/L, yielding coefficients of determination (R²) of ۰.۹۹۱۸ for SLB and ۰.۹۹۰۶ for IPR. The limits of detection were ۱۷.۹۹ µg/L for SLB and ۱۹.۲۴ µg/L for IPR. Method validation against HPLC showed no significant difference between the two methods at the ۹۵% confidence level. Application to spiked urine samples demonstrated satisfactory precision (RSD < ۱.۵%) and accurate quantification of trace analyte levels. The proposed approach provides a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for routine pharmaceutical and biological analysis of SLB and IPR.

کلیدواژه ها:

Gold nanoparticles ، Colorimetric detection ، Fuzzy Inference System ، Trace-level determination ، Anti-asthmatic drugs